Richard J. Davidson is the William James and Vilas Research Professor of Psychology and Psychiatry, Director of the W.M. Keck Laboratory for Functional Brain Imaging and Behavior, the Laboratory for Affective Neuroscience and the Center for Investigating Healthy Minds, Waisman Center at the University of Wisconsin-Madison.
This is an interview of Richard Davidson on Shrink Rap Radio with David Van Nuys, discussing his research on meditation and the brain. Davidson tells that his research shows that meditation has a beneficial effects on the mind and quantitative effects on brain functions. Even novice meditators show immediate changes, with experienced long term meditators showing more pronounced changes. One thing he has noticed is that, given each individual starts with a slightly different brain structure, different meditation techniques have varying degrees of effects. One thing he would like to see in the future is a way to establish which technique is most suitable for each individual, without having to go through a trial and error phase.
His overall conclusion is that the brain is plastic, and therefore changes according to our experiences, and it is therefore up to each of us to ensure that we change ourselves in a positive way rather than leaving it to the vagaries of external experiences.
You can listen to the podcast here.
18 Mar 2010
Meditation and Healthy Minds, a Podcast with Richard Davidson
17 Mar 2010
Welcome to the Center for Investigating Healthy Minds
Welcome to the Center for Investigating Healthy Minds
I know, this sounds like a New Age flake factory... but it isn't.
Located within the Waisman Center at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, we are a research Center dedicated to creating a world in which healthy qualities of mind flourish. The Center for Investigating Healthy Minds, through hard-nosed basic and translational scientific research, will help to pave the way toward more widespread incorporation of methods and practices to nourish positive qualities of mind throughout society. The work and research of this Center are at the forefront of the scientific and scholarly communities, and have led to the development of a new hybrid discipline – contemplative neuroscience. In a global era where individuals, communities and the world are reconnecting with the pursuit of happiness, well-being and contentment and seeking innovative and mindful solutions to achieve it, the Center offers facts about interventions and methods grounded both in research and the wisdom of contemplative traditions.
They even have Einstein sounding like Gautama Buddha.
"A human being is part of the whole, called by us 'universe,' a part limited in time and space. He experiences himself, his thoughts and feelings, as something separate from the rest -- a kind of optical delusion of consciousness. This delusion is a kind of prison for us, restricting us to our personal desires and to affection for a few persons nearest to us. Our task must be to free ourselves from this prison by widening our circle of compassion to embrace all living creatures and the whole of nature in its beauty."
- Albert Einstein, 1921
The director, Richard Davidson, has already done research on the brainwaves of Tibetan monks in meditation, so will be interesting to see what they do next.
A World Beyond Belief Aggregated
-
'I’ll Wear It as a Badge of Honor,' Says MP Sultana After Israel Bars Entry to 11 UK Lawmakers - Zarah Sultana, a member of the UK Parliament, said she won't stop speaking about the rights of Palestinians after Israel banned her from entering the cou...1 day ago
-
Trump Proposes Revoking SEC’s Decades-Old Pay-to-Play Rule - President Donald Trump and his recently appointed U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission Chair Paul Aitkins are proposing to rescind the pay-to-play rul...1 day ago
-
AIs as Modern Genies - *This essay was written with Barath Raghavan, and originally appeared in Lawfare.* In April, an artificial intelligence (AI) agent conducting a routine t...1 day ago
-
Geweldige kansen met holyluck in moderne casinowereld en online gokautomaten - Geweldige kansen met holyluck in moderne casinowereld en online gokautomaten De Evolutie van Online Gokautomaten De Rol van Random Number Continue Reading1 day ago
-
When Will the United States Apologize for Its War Crimes? - [This article was originally published by Global Research in 2001.] *U.S. President Clinton’s recent refusal to explicitly apologize for the murder of Ko...1 day ago
-
In Putin Call, Trump Seeks Swift End To Ukraine War & Restoration Of US-Russia Ties - In Putin Call, Trump Seeks Swift End To Ukraine War & Restoration Of US-Russia Ties On Tuesday morning President Trump and his Russian counterpart Preside...1 day ago
-
Amb. Huckabee Accuses UK Government of 'Jew Hate' (Connecting the Dots: Ed Miliband, David Miliband, The United Kingdom & The Carnegie/Soros Network) - *Amb. Huckabee Accuses UK Government of 'Jew Hate' (Connecting the Dots: Ed Miliband, David Miliband, The United Kingdom & The Carnegie/Soros Network)* N...2 days ago
-
Fascismo J. Trump Threatens to Sue Progressive Think Tank for Exposing More of His Flagrant Lies - The longstanding lust that Donald Trump harbors to reign as an unchallenged dictator continues to reveal itself in his aberrant behavior that is getting wo...2 days ago
-
Let’s Be Honest about Why You Are a Christian or a Muslim: Your Forebears Murdered Their Way into Your Mind!! - Richard Carrier comprehensively argued for this. He's right, and backs it up with the facts. What's the best conclusion? Go ahead, think about it.2 days ago
-
Yen starts to appreciate again – as you were! - In recent months, the mainstream media commentators have been issuing increasing lurid predictions of how the ‘out of control’ fiscal situation in Japan is...3 days ago
-
-
-
Types and Conditions of Moral Order - Is the world morally ordered? Do good things come to those who act well and bad things to those who act badly? Do the virtuous thrive and the wicked suffer...5 days ago
-
S. 2732, Bonuses for Cost-Cutters Act of 2026 - As ordered reported by the Senate Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs on August 6, 20265 days ago
-
Bullish is an Understatement. COPPER NOW! - The U.S. has faced significant challenges over the last few decades, from globalization to political missteps. The narrative of decline culminated in the 2...6 days ago
-
-
Solar Is Booming - Solar power as a source of electricity has been on a meteoric rise, and has crossed some encouraging milestone recently. Every way you look at it, solar ...1 week ago
-
Logic, and Second-Best Logic - Many of us have studied the subject of “logic” formally, usually in academic-level courses. Even those who have not done so – know a lot about what “logic”...1 week ago
-
Libertarian Utopia Cult Gets Booted From Malaysia - This post contains a video, which you can also view here. To support more videos like this, head to patreon.com/rebecca! Transcript: Many months ago, one o...1 week ago
-
American Atheists Urges Supreme Court to Deny Religious Pre-K Provider’s Demand to Discriminate - Atheists reported their children being denied food at a daycare after refusing to pray before a meal and forced exclusion from preschool activities. Pare...2 weeks ago
-
'No way on this Earth!' Legal expert aghast after Pirro concocts excuse for damning loss - A legal expert was aghast on Monday night while reacting to an excuse Jeanine Pirro concocted to explain her signature case falling apart. Over the week...5 weeks ago
-
Sneeze: The History and Science of the Common Cold with Immunologist David Miles - The human race suffers from literally billions of colds every year. In this episode, Jim chats with Dr. David Miles about what a cold is, where it comes ...5 weeks ago
-
Maleghast Battle Report: Berserk in the Membrane - I just finished cooking the next one. In this video I’ve added something I’ve been thinking of doing since the first one, which is to have little animation...1 month ago
-
Center for Inquiry Slams ‘Rededicate 250’ Event, Calls for Renewed Commitment to Jefferson’s “Wall of Separation Between Church and State” - On Sunday, the National Mall played host to “Rededicate 250: A National Jubilee of Prayer, Praise & Thanksgiving,” an event “partly funded by millions in p...3 months ago
-
Chiba team models energy alignment for perovskite solar cells - Tokyo (SPX) May 01, 2026 Researchers at Chiba University have developed the first universal model for energy level alignment at electrode, hole-collecting m...4 months ago
-
Ancient cold traps at lunar south pole identified as prime targets for Artemis ice sampling - London (SPX) May 01, 2026 Researchers from the Weizmann Institute of Science and US collaborators have found evidence that ice has been accumulating at the ...4 months ago
-
AMD Blow off Top Earnings After Tuesdays Close - Article posted at The Market Oracle http://www.marketoracle.co.uk/Article71507.html10 months ago
-
Mass job cuts on the horizon as Trump's economy backslides - On Tuesday, Amazon announced it is cutting 14,000 corporate jobs, becoming the latest major corporation to slash its workforce in the rapidly declining e...10 months ago
-
Head to www.churchofthechurchless.com to view this blog - The three blogs I've had on Typepad, my blogging platform since 2003, have been successfully migrated to WordPress blogs. See the pinned post above. Gloryw...11 months ago
-
Refrigerator mechanical sounds guide: normal vs concerning noises - ... Read moreRefrigerator mechanical sounds guide: normal vs concerning noises1 year ago
-
Do Our Souls Require a Gender? - [image: Angel figure sitting] Do you regularly operate a motor vehicle of some kind? If so, is your motor vehicle male or female? This will seem like a n...1 year ago
-
Hominins Moved Into the Neighborhood of the Hobbit Humans Around 1.04 Million Years Ago - Learn more about the arrival of ancient humans on the island of Sulawesi, a nearby neighbor to the island of Flores, where the tiny hominins Homo floresien...1 year ago
-
Kesalahan Umum Pemula dalam Bermain Poker Online dan Cara Menghindarinya - Poker online kini menjadi salah satu permainan kartu paling populer di Indonesia. Dengan kemudahan akses dan banyaknya platform terpercaya, tidak heran j...1 year ago
-
Sinister Summer - TJ Max doesn't have Halloween out, but they do have some Sinister Summer items for sale1 year ago
-
We’re Moving! - Due to circumstances that I won’t go into here, we’re uprooting Bitchspot and all of our other blogs and moving to Substack. Sooner or later, this site wil...1 year ago
-
Resonators and kindred frauds - Googling ‘bioresonance therapy’ produces a large number of hits. One of the first comes from the Oxford Chiropractic Clinic, which says “Bioresonance is o...1 year ago
-
#910 Michael Alcee PhD on The Upside of OCD - Michael Alcee, PhD, is a clinical psychologist in Tarrytown, NY, and is a Mental Health Educator at the Manhattan School of Music. In his first book,Therap...2 years ago
-
Bryce Buse’s Reflections on Faith, Fame, and Finding Purpose: An Unreasonable Faith Exclusive - In a stirring turn of events, Unreasonable Faith magazine is honored to spotlight Bryce Buse, a titan of social media influence, as the cover story of it...2 years ago
-
Biden circumvents Congress, approves $106M ’emergency’ arms sale to Israel - Biden circumvents Congress, approves $106M ’emergency’ arms sale to Israel | 9 Dec 2023 | The State Department announced on Saturday [a slower news day, of...2 years ago
-
最短で写真作家を目指すならFOTO FESTのポートフォリオレビューがオススメ。必要事項と裏ワザ教えます! - 「海外でもアーティストとして認められたい」もうすぐ60歳の実力あるフォトグラファーの皆さんへ。写真作家として認められるためには「作品が売れる」こと。それを最短で叶えられるのがヒューストンで開催されるFOTO FESTのポ […]2 years ago
-
What Goes Around - Today is a holiday in Ireland. We celebrate the dead saints. The post What Goes Around appeared first on Daily Reckoning Australia.2 years ago
-
"Realist Jurisprudence: Selected Essays" - A Spanish translation by Dr. Francisco M. Mora-Sifuentes of eight of my essays on realist jurisprudence and related topics (with a new preface by me and an...3 years ago
-
My First Deep Philosophy Dialog With ChatGPT-4 - My dialog with ChatGPT-4 demonstrated a capacity for deep and substantive conversation. It's not "fooling us." The post My First Deep Philosophy Dialog W...3 years ago
-
Baldfellas: How Belarus’s Failed Regime-Change Movement Shaped Putin’s War Plan - What’s lost in these stories is how strange and impossible it would've been just a couple years ago to imagine Russia being able to use Belarus as a stagin...3 years ago
-
Analysis: Vaccinated Americans are responsible for the majority of COVID-related deaths in August - According to new federal and state data, the majority of Americans who died from the coronavirus pandemic were at least partially vaccinated for the first ...3 years ago
-
‘The Patient’: Why Sam is a Member of No Shoes Nation - Here's why Sam Fortner is a member of No Shoes Nation in 'The Patient.'3 years ago
-
Discovery Phase For Software Development: How Much Does It Cost? - When you come up with the idea of a mobile application or desktop software, you, probably, see its realization in the most bright colors. However,...4 years ago
-
What are the best dual purport batteries for boats? - When it comes to off-shore angling, the best batteries for boats is absolutely essential. I have a small boat so I am looking for the best battery for bo...4 years ago
-
It’s Moving Day for the Friendly Atheist Blog - I'm joining the team at OnlySky, and I hope you'll check out the new site.4 years ago
-
Episode 49: Keven McQueen - [image: itunes pic] We talk with Keven McQueen about his new book, Murderous Acts.4 years ago
-
Pentagon Sees “Increased Potential” for Nuclear Conflict - The possibility that nuclear weapons could be used in regional or global conflicts is growing, said a newly disclosed Pentagon doctrinal publication on nuc...5 years ago
-
My blog and website will close at the end of March 2021. - * All future research and blog postings will no longer appear here or my website but daily on my Facebook pages: I hope to see you there. Contact: Via ...5 years ago
-
خدمات تموينية للمواطنين - نحن نقدم في شركة الميس خدمات تموينية للمواطنين في جميع أنحاء المملكة العربية السعودية. تشمل خدماتنا التموينية العديد من الخدمات فيها، حيث نعمل على تلبية ...5 years ago
-
Ian Mason commented on Ruth Anthony-Gardner's group Hang With Friends - Ian Mason commented on Ruth Anthony-Gardner's group Hang With Friends6 years ago
-
The Walrus: The Hungry People - THERE ARE MAGGOTS inside my gloves—this I discover after a few minutes of wear, when I get a prickly feeling in my fingertips. I quickly take the gloves of...6 years ago
-
Is Religion Affecting Your Sleep Quality? - Around 30% of Americans are now officially sleep deprived. That’s over 40 million people nationwide who aren’t getting enough sleep every night. Those ar...6 years ago
-
Inside or Outside of the Disney World Bubble - We just returned from a fifth family trip to Disney World. Three of those trips were spent at Disney World Resort value hotels and two were off property. O...6 years ago
-
The Deterrence Theory of Condemnation - In our last exciting episode, I explained how the theory of condemnation that comes from desirism defeats the egoistic theory of condemnation. This week, w...6 years ago
-
Edwin van der Sar Sebut Manchester United Kehilangan Karakter - Edwin van der Sar meminta manajer Manchester United untuk segera membangkitkan motivasi para pemain. Manchester United mengundang perhatian dari para manta...6 years ago
-
Gregory Mannarino: Gold & Silver Greatest Trades on Earth - Gregory Mannarino: Gold & Silver Greatest Trades on Earth by Greg Hunter’s USAWatchdog.com Market analyst and professional trader Gregory Mannarino doesn’t...7 years ago
-
A numbers problem in the book of Numbers - The book of Numbers is well-named. There are a lot of number in Numbers. Take chapter three for instance. In the long last section of that chapter, God te...7 years ago
-
Launching a new initiative: Kainaat Astronomy in Urdu - *by Salman Hameed* Kainaat Astronomy in Urdu I have been making popular astronomy videos in Urdu for the past couple of years. I, myself, got hooked onto...7 years ago
-
LaRouche Hamilton Candidates Campaign for the Future, and Defend the Presidency - By Dennis Speed Appears in *Executive Intelligence Review,* November 2, 2018, Vol. 45, No. 44.7 years ago
-
report | Material Matters: the new world of novel substances - — the report — Dear readers, Today’s novel materials are crafted in modern labs, with innovations in molecule-level engineering. As our knowledge of nature...7 years ago
-
The Choice Engine - A project I’ve been working on a for a long time has just launched: The Choice Engine is an interactive essay about the psychology, neuroscience and philos...7 years ago
-
65dos directors cut - Ah, 2013. In retrospect, an idyllic time. Obama in the White House, Brexit still just a silly idea we never thought would happen, and Ding-Dong! The Witch ...8 years ago
-
² off and B - So I'm a softy I am a lonely lovely man alone = not really me who loves his cat mamba? and loves his job desperately doesn;t understand (at le...8 years ago
-
Implementation of Property management Laws in Hinesville GA - Hinesville in Georgia is an old city established in 1837. This city may not have grown much for its population during these long years of establishment, bu...8 years ago
-
Usha kaalam naam ezhunnelkkuga - Usha kaalam naam ezhunnelkkuga Am D 1 Usha kaalam naam ezhunnelkkuga C G Paranesuve sthuthippaan Dm F Usha'kalam enthanantham nammal G Am Priyanodadutheedu...8 years ago
-
#113 — Consciousness and the Self - In this episode of the Waking Up podcast, Sam Harris speaks with Anil Seth about the scientific study of consciousness, where consciousness emerges in natu...8 years ago
-
Friday Cephalopod: I succumb to peer pressure and will mention Octopolis - Friday Cephalopod: I succumb to peer pressure and will mention Octopolis Wow. Every person on the planet saw one version or another of this "Octopolis" st...8 years ago
-
How do the world’s biggest drug companies compare, in their transparency commitments? - Here’s a paper, and associated website, that we launch today: we have assessed, and then ranked, all the biggest drug companies in the world, to compare th...9 years ago
-
This blog is now closed... - ...and I'm now blogging at http://www.ecosophia.net. All of the posts that appeared here during the eleven-year run of *The Archdruid Report* will be issu...9 years ago
-
For election night, social media will be the hangout and support group - On election night, voters won’t just curl up on the couch and turn on the TV. In the last hurrah of a contentious election season, they’ll fire up laptops,...9 years ago
-
Descending Towards Trump - http://www.shakesville.com/2016/01/behold-your-roosting-chickens_26.html10 years ago
-
Finding the Best Kitchen Sink Faucets - Finding the best kitchen sink faucets can be a challenging task especially if you are faced with tons of options. With all the brands available in the mark...10 years ago
-
Help For Academics Thinking Beyond The Professoriate - Dr. Jennifer Polk, PhD is an academic, career, and life coach who specializes in helping people who are transitioning out of academia or who are contemplat...10 years ago
-
Mom Has Stacked Dinner Party Roster - GOLDEN, CO—Their eyes widening in amazement as the 43-year-old rattled off the names of heavy hitter after heavy hitter, impressed members of the Dreesh...10 years ago
-
More On The Madness Of Muslims– Pakistan, Land Of The Pedophiles - Because there are fewer crimes more disgusting than this: Pakistani clerics block ‘un-Islamic’ child marriage bill Pakistani lawmakers have withdrawn a pr...10 years ago
-
Sunset Nevers — Praise the Mutilated World (part two) - As promised, here’s the second part of a three-part album I’ve been working on with my electro-experimental band, Sunset Nevers. It’s pretty swish, if I’...10 years ago
-
Hold on to your butts - It’s been four years since I fired up the old editor and wrote a blog post. That’s 3.57 centuries in internet years. Anyone who used to read this site is p...10 years ago
-
Leonard Mlodinow on the S&R Relationship - “I think that this dichotomy is something that is fairly recent. First of all, when the brain evolved to have the capacity to ask such questions, to unders...11 years ago
-
Curiosity Got the Better of Me.... - Not long ago I decided to purchase the updated book True Reason: Confronting the Irrationality of the New Atheism (Kregel, 2013). Readers might remember th...11 years ago
-
Is atheism is a religion? - Some people insist that atheism is a religion in and of itself. The rational is that since God can neither be proven nor disproven, then the assertion of e...11 years ago
-
The Islamic State - Vice - August 2014 on Vice The Islamic State, a hardline Sunni jihadist group that formerly had ties to al Qaeda, has conquered large swathes of Iraq and Syria. ...12 years ago
-
Can You Do Mental Arithmetic... In Your Dreams? - How good are you at mathematics? How good do you think you’d be at doing mental arithmetic *while in a dream*? Moreover, how good do you think your *dream ...12 years ago
-
My new personal blog: LukeMuehlhauser.com - I’m blogging again, at LukeMuehlhauser.com. Its RSS feed lives here. The most substantial post there so far is “The Riddle of Being or Nothingness.”12 years ago
-
Relaunching Plausible Futures - Please visit the new and improved plausiblefutures.com news and analysis for future studies since 199912 years ago
-
Why Religion Really Doesn’t Have the Upper Hand over Science - There have been numerous anti-atheist articles popping up recently, mostly on Salon but elsewhere too. That’s their right, but you would think they would a...12 years ago
-
Getting out alive - One Friday in May of 2011, I locked up my shared office, went to the pub with some colleagues and students, and said goodbye to my job as a senior lecturer...12 years ago
-
So long, and thanks for all the fish - by Massimo Pigliucci Or, as the title of the last Star Trek: The Next Generation episode wistfully announced: “All good things…” This is the last Ration...12 years ago
-
Law Enforcement Agencies All Over California Secretly Tracking Cell Phone Users - techdirt.com | Mar 14, 2014 by Tim Cushing More documents have been uncovered (via FOI requests) that show local law enforcement agencies in California hav...12 years ago
-
Beating Us With Our Own Weapons / F. Roger Devlin - _____________________________________ Beating Us With Our Own Weapons Chinese Industrial Espionage: Technology Acquisition and Military Modernization Willi...13 years ago
-
Check you’ve got the latest version of FishBarrel ready for the Nightingale Collaboration’s next campaign - The Nightingale Collaboration will shortly be launching a new and exciting campaign that you can help out with – but you’ll need to make sure that: - ...13 years ago
-
Breaking News: Cardinals Disband Catholic Church; Green Smoke rises from Basilica - * [Please note: this is a guest post, written by a friend, and posted here by permission because I think it is great.] Vatican spokesman Father Guido Sardu...13 years ago
-
We're calling it a day – for now, at least - You've probably noticed a lack of new posts hereabouts for some time now. That's because – and, yes, *mea culpa*, I should have mentioned it earlier – we h...13 years ago
-
Muslims try to enforce sharia law in London - How long before we yet again get asked the facile question "if you don't believe in god why spend so much time arguing with the religious?". This is why! I...13 years ago
-
Kurt Vonnegut podcast - Kurt Vonnegut's daughter Nanette talks about rediscovering her father's funny side.13 years ago
-
-
‘We Probably Could Have Saved Ourselves’ - Today is this website’s last day. I’ve already said goodbye – on Monday – but since then I’ve gotten some nice, even moving emails from folks and I’d like ...14 years ago
-
Skeptic Ink Network! - Dangerous Talk is moving to SkepticInk.com! Don’t worry I am not retiring this site entirely. I will keep DangerousTalk.net up running because I have years...14 years ago
-
Jacques Monod - *1910 - 76, Nobel Prize-winning French biologist who is regarded as one of the founding fathers of microbiology, and is the author of the classic ...14 years ago
-
Dog Bites Man - This was a typical headline today: Why is that news? They don’t start every day with the headline: Earth Still Spinning on its Axis Some things just aren’t...14 years ago
-
Moving Day! - This blog has moved to http://www.dubitoergosum.net. Update your links and feed readers accordingly!14 years ago
-
What better way to end yet another hiatus... - ...than to just move somewhere else? All blog entries worth saving have been moved there.14 years ago
-
-
Sucker For Punishment - Christian Books - It hasn't been that long since I endured 'The Reason for God', and I have somehow managed to agree to read 'Jesus and the Eyewitnesses' by Richard Bauckham...14 years ago
-
The Dialog - What questions would you pose? How would you respond differently? Use the comments. P.S. In the last panel when Jesus said the “right kind of person” he ...15 years ago
-
Final Post and New Blog - This will be the last ever post on A Load of Bright. I am starting a new blog today called One for One, for reasons that I explain in my Inaugural Post. I...15 years ago
-
Father's Rights (and Responsibilities) - These are my reflections on what I think laws should be, not what they may actually be.Everyone knows my position on abortion: It's entirely up to the preg...15 years ago
-
The End of The Counterterrorism Blog - To Our Readers: Thank you for your faithful readership through the past five years. Over its short run, the Counterterrorism Blog served an important rol...15 years ago
-
Resource list for Evolution, Creationism, Atheism, and More - Derek Mathias (Underlings) had created an excellent resource list for those debating religionists and evolutionists. His description reads: “ This is a v...15 years ago
-
Lumpers, Splitters and Noah’s Ark - One of my father’s frequent pithy comments, one of his stock phrases, was, “The world is made up of two kinds of people: lumpers and splitters.” And pala...16 years ago
-
Jesus pisses off Zeus - "The famous 19-meter tall statue of Jesus at the Solid Rock Church near Monroe, Ohio, known as 'King of Kings' and 'Touchdown Jesus', has been destroyed by...16 years ago
-
Mixed Feelings - We tend to do this a lot in life. We start wandering down a dark path, lose sight of where we’re going, and then fail to see the forest from the trees. We,...16 years ago
-
-
-
I Must Admit... - I must admit that I was seldom "out" as an Atheist at a workplace. I live in a strangely mixed area. There are a dozen Bible "colleges" in the city and ho...17 years ago
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-